transitions onto poorer countries

Effective governance frameworks are essential to manage the environmental and social externalities of metal extraction. The European Union’s proposal for a Critical Raw Materials Act (2023) aims to ensure that resource sourcing aligns with human rights and environmental standards. However, critics argue that without enforceable international regulations, wealthier nations risk externalizing the costs of their energy transitions onto poorer countries. Global governance mechanisms must therefore incorporate principles of environmental justice, ensuring that the burdens of clean energy production do not replicate historical patterns สล็อต